![]() ![]() Here, we systematically review the scientific literature for studies that have investigated unintended genomic alterations in plants modified by the following GM techniques: Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer, biolistic bombardment, and CRISPR-Cas9 delivered via Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer (DNA-based), biolistic bombardment (DNA-based) and as ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs). However, legitimate safety concerns arise from the unintended genetic modifications (GM) that have been reported as side-effects of such techniques. These technologies have the potential to provide novel agricultural traits, including modified microorganisms and environmental applications. Classical genetic engineering and new genome editing techniques, especially the CRISPR/Cas technology, increase the possibilities for modifying the genetic material in organisms.
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